RACIAL BIAS / FACIAL RECOGNITION (QUANTIFIED) – Women with the darkest skin tones were the most severely disadvantaged group.

Course / Exam

Multiple STEM courses (4 courses, ~357 students)

Program

Undergraduate

Outcome

Paper published in Frontiers in Education. No institutional action confirmed at the study's home institution. Authors called on proctoring vendors to audit algorithms. Findings later corroborated by ACM FAccT 2025 Maryland Test Facility study confirming OpenCV skin-tone bias.

Source

Research / Academic / Legal

Original